Nicholas+aviation+safety

=Hi I am Nicholas Denis and my topic is aviation safety.=

(I have made smaller questions to the main questions for more info)

 ==**Why did I choose this topic?** == I choose this topic for two reasons.  1) My family and I travel a lot by plane, so I wanted to know if it is safe to fly by plane and I wanted to learn about aviation safety.  2) When we were selecting our topics, I read about a plane crash in Iran on January 9, 2011. A Boeing 727 belonging to Iranair, had been unable to land because of severe weather. Of the 102 people on board, 78 people have died and the others were injured. Then I wanted to know if plane engineers can learn from these accidents to build better planes.

 ===**Question 1: Is flying safe?** === - flying is safer than driving a car, but it is not as safe as taking a train. About 1474 plane accidents and about 272 fatal accidents happen each year.

 here is a difference between how many people die a year by car and plane.  By car there is about 40,000 and by plane there is about 200. There is about a 38,000 number difference!  ===**Question 2: How are better and safer planes designed?** === ====**How does a plane fly?** ====  The forces important for flight are thrust, lift, drag and weight.

 <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These are examples of low drag and High drag
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thurst: the force that moves the airplane forwards. The thrust comes from the engine. like propeller, turboprop or jet engine.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lift: the force that moves the airplane up. The lift comes from the air gliding over the wing. The wing shape is important for lift. [[image:https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/NOh8Bs5Kf0X29RUThf2FAKIHTjqcGJEgN4fD10WZ5yAeTUA9-hrn3o5OV3PNjhQvYyL4J7Ciiz9ImmIZjvUEwfLxynjzYhKVDZMgnQc3TSjphuIHwWv94VlCTQ2K870 width="426" height="190"]]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Drag: the force that pulls the airplane back. The drag (also called air resistances) comes from the air pushing the wing back. The wing shape is also important for drag. The less drag, the better.

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> ====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**How has the design of planes changed over the years?** ==== ====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**What plane designs and instruments are important for safety?** ====
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weight: the force that pulls the airplane down. The weight comes from gravity pulling the plane down
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Timeline of aviation and plane designs:
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1903: First successful flight with a true aircraft
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The first successful powered flight by the Wright brothers in their aircraft, the FLYER, on December 17 in Kill Devil Hill, North Carolina.
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1927: First non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean from New York, USA to Paris, France by Charles Lindberg. The flight of 5810 kilometers lasted 33 hours.
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1939: First jet plane to fly the Heinkel He 178
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1947: First supersonic flight (which means faster than the speed of sound - 1226 km per hour) by Bell X-1 rocket plane.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1949: First flight of a passenger jetliner, the Havilland Comet 1.
 * 5) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1969: First flight of the huge Boeing 747 jumbo jet. Many 747’s are still flying today.
 * 6) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2005: First flight of the giant Double-Decker Airbus A380 with 555 passengers, maybe even more in the future.


 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Controls, Sensors and Instruments
 * 2) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Controls: Through control wheels and rudder pedals, pilots are able to move the flight controls, which allow the pilot to control the direction of an airplane in flight.
 * 3) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-roman; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sensors & Instruments: There are many sensors and instruments in a plane that help keep it safe.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Altimeters** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: An altimeter is an instrument used to measure the altitude of the plane, which means how high is is flying.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Altimeter__[| __image__]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Air Speed indicators** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The airspeed indicator is an instrument used to measure the speed of the plane.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__Air Speed Indicator Image__]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Artificial Horizon** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: The artificial horizon is an instrument that lets the pilot know how if the plane is tilted relative to the earth. it indicates pitch (up or down tilt) or roll (left to right tilt)

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__Artificial Horizon image__]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Engine instruments** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: These instruments shows if the engine working well.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__Engine instrument image__]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Ice-Detectors** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: These instruments are used to detect ice on the wings or the flight controls.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__Ice-Detector image__]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial Black'; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Radars** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Radars are sensors that uses radio waves to detect other planes, mountains or bad weather. There are radars in the plane, but also many radars on the ground which sent information to pilots and air traffic controllers who work at the airport tower.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[|__Radar image__]
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: lower-alpha; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New plane designs:

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">NASA (US National Aeronautics and Space Administration) doing research to design better wings, such as flexible wings. With flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to improve air flow and avoid turbulence (wind bumps).

===<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Question 3: What do plane engineers learn from plane accidents?** === ====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> **What kinds of plane accidents are there?** ==== ====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Defective Landing Gear: Landing a plane safely is one off the most important pat of a pilots job. Sometimes this can be a hard part of a flight do not blame the pilot. The problem could be defective landing gear on the plane.It is not hard to imagine the disasters defective landing gear could cause. ====

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Engine Failure: Engine failure is a mechanical problem that can easily lead to accident. there are many ways that this can happen. One way is that there could be too little fuel another way is that the engine parts breaking ==

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pilot Errors and Negligence: When most people make a mistake they van try again but when pilot make a mistake They are taking a risk for hundreds of lives. 37 percent of the time plane accidents are made by pilot error. ==

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lightning: Each year ONE lightning bolt is struck on a plane to make a accident happen. That is why it is so rare to happen. Most passenger planes are likely to get hit by lightning but thanks to the metal out layer it does hardly any affect. ==

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Snow: Flying in the snow is really dangerous. Why? Because It could freeze the rudders or put weight on the plane. ==

==<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bird Hazards: Birds are a threat to aviation because when a bird collides with the plane they are going to each other and if they go into the engine the bird can jam it and break the plane. ==



====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Who are plane engineers?** ====

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Plane engineering is largely about airplanes, rockets, satellites and missiles etc. Plane engineers design, develop, and test aircraft, spacecraft, missiles, and supervise their manufacture. Aerospace engineers develop new technologies for use in aviation, defense systems, and space exploration.



===<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Question 4:What can we do to prevent accidents?** === ====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**What can we do before we board a plane?** ====

====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1.With advanced imaging technology (x-rays) airport so two different kinds of x-rays one kind uses micro magnetic waves to make a black an white image another type uses low level x-ray to make a chalk etching image. ==== <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Before going in the X-ray take out all belongings that could require extra inspection. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 2.the person seeing your image cannot see you so again that is why you should take out most belongings that could make the viewer set off the alarm. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 3.These x-rays will not effect your body so it will also not harm people like children, pregnant women, and people with radiation treatment for health.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> These things are the same for luggage scanners Except that the person that checks your luggage can see who’s it’s from.


 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> What can we do while on board of a plane?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Turning off cellphones on a plane can help a plane a lot because the wire-less connection can malfunction an airplane's equipment systems and communication systems on board the plane. something even worse is that phones can interrupt the navigation system so the pilot do not know where he/she is going. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in 1991 banned passengers from using their cell phones while on board an airplane in flight. The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) agree with the FCC that phones should not be used on a plane. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> These things go with other Wire-less things like wire-less games and computers. If your phone has airplane mode put your phone on airplane mode and you can.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Edit - Position: Inline - Fixed